ADHD and Autism

ADD and Autism I chose this topic of ADD and autism because I had heard of these two disorders many times before and had always wondered what they were. The subject of why children act differently than others had always interested me since I was little. I have experienced and interacted with a young boy that had autism before and I found that the way he interacted with me and others around him was fascinating. Before researching, I knew that ADD and autism weren't sicknesses like the flu or a cold. Some are born with it, you can't catch or spread it.I knew it had something to do the brains and its genes. I knew that if you had ADD or autism, it would affect the way you learn and behave. Going into this topic, I knew I was most interested in knowing how children act when they are diagnosed with these disorders. How they act compared to children without ADD or autism. I also wanted to know what it was like when they become adults. Does the disorder â€Å"go away'? Or are there ways to cure or calm the symptoms down? I also wanted to research this topic because I wanted to know the difference between the two.I was always confused between ADD and autism and if someone asked me what the difference was, I don't think I loud be able to give a good answer. My thesis going into this research paper is that ADD and autism seem very similar, almost the same, but as I go deeper into the topic, you will see that they are quite different. When we think of ADD and autism, we Just think of it as problems or disorders that make children not â€Å"normal†. My argument is that though these two disorders bring difficulties, they are very different.Different in the way they are caused, how they are diagnosed, what symptoms each ones possesses, and how each one is handled. How they are handled by parents, teachers and doctors. Before researching, I wrote some questions to help me stay focused on what I wanted find out. Some questions that were most helpful dealt with the symp toms in a child with autism or ADD, how parents should deal with their children, how you can detect children with autism/ADD and the difference between the two. These were helpful because there was the most information about those questions.It gave me the opportunity to write more about my topic. Some of my questions weren't as helpful as others. There was only little information I could find about that particular subject so I couldn't write about it as much as the others. When I began to research about ADD and autism I chose three sources for each one. Each one was different. I chose one that talked about what ADD/autism was and how it is caused. Another one explained what the symptoms are when children have these disorders. I also used a source with a real life story about parents and their child who had ADD.This helped me so I could see from a real life perspective, what it was like to live with someone who had ADD. There wasn't a specific order in which I wanted to research, lik e ADD or autism first, so randomly, I started with ADD. I started with the basics. What it was and how it was caused. Then I moved onto the symptoms of a child with ADD and how to can detect and treat disorder. Then I did the same for autism. After I researched about what each one was, I found an article comparing the two. That was very helpful because that was what my research was about: comparing ADD and autism.For this project, I had some struggles getting all my thoughts collected and organized. At times I felt lost and unprepared. I tried to read all my sources as thoroughly as I could in order but I felt like time was rushing against me so I stopped at parts and went and read other resources and went back to the previous one, so it got kind of disorganized. I still was able to label and take notes on each source well and correctly so that was a plus. The research paper outline was a big help for me because it Just made everything much more organized and clear so I knew how I w as going to write and present my paper.What ADD? We all know that ADD is something that kids have sometimes which causes them to act differently but not all people know what it is exactly. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADD is a common condition affecting children, teenagers ND even sometimes adults (WebMD). About four million children suffer from ADD. This condition comes with learning disorders causing the children to have a hard time during school (Quietist: Children). Over the years, experts have questioned whether kids outgrow ADD.That made them come to the conclusion that the disorder may be more common in adults than thought otherwise (WebMD). Studies show that children with the disorder generally have problems concentrating or paying attention. They get easily bored, frustrated with the tasks at hand or have difficulty following directions. I feel bad for children with the disorder because it wasn't their fault they act like that. People like teacher s and parents get frustrated and annoyed at these children because they can't sit still or listen the first time.They know that the children are diagnosed with the disorder but they don't fully understand. Another problem that children mainly tend to have with ADD is that they move constantly and are impulsive. They don't have the control to stop and think before they act. This interferes with the child's ability to function at school and home. Even though kids that don't have ADD sometimes have learning and behavioral disabilities, these symptoms are more prominent in a child with the disorder. Adults with ADD don't have the exact same symptoms as a child with the disorder. They may have difficulty with time management, organizational skills, goal setting, and employment. † The problems they face aren't all dealing with work and profession. Adults might also face problems with personal subjects like relationships, self-esteem, and addictions. The symptoms of children with ADD are normally categorized into three groups: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Inattention has to deal with when the child gets easily distracted or has difficulty following directions. When someone is talking they don't seem to be listening.Hyperactivity symptoms are like when he or she can't sit still. They squirm or fidget constantly and talk excessively. Lastly, impulsively says it in its name. The children don't have control basically. It's hard for them to wait their turn and constantly interrupt others (WebMD). I can understand how dealing with children with ADD can be difficult and frustrating but I think if more people were aware of what the hillier are going through, they could be more understanding. How ADD is caused There is no specific scientific explanation for how ADD is caused.

Osmosis Triple Science Essay

Introduction In this investigation I am investigating if varying the amount of sugar solution or distilled water determines the concentration of cell sap. I will do this by using different concentrations of sugar solution and distilled water. If the medium is hypotonic — a dilute solution, with a higher water concentration than the cell — the cell will gain water through osmosis. However if the medium is isotonic —a solution with exactly the same water concentration as the cell — there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane. If the medium is hypertonic — a concentrated solution, with a lower water concentration than the cell — the cell will lose water by osmosis. Investigation variables To have a controlled reliable investigation I will control the following variables: To try my best to do the experiments at the same room temperature. I will prepare the carrots in the same way because any minor changes can ruin the experiment. The mass of the carrots is a dependent variable and this terminology means that the piece of carrot will be measured constantly throughout the experiment. I will measure in grams, in addition the piece of carrot will be measured before and after it is put into the solution, this will allow us to see if any osmosis has taken place. Fourthly the volume of the solution which the carrot pieces are put in must be same for all of them for example all of them should be covered in what is supposed to be covered in. Also I am going to use the same set of scales to measure the carrot pieces in the solution. This is because measurements may vary between the scales. I did this in a lab so everything was under control to make my results very reliable. My hypothesis I predict that the less sugar solution we use the higher the concentration of the cell sap would be. Plan First I will take some xylem cells from inside of the carrot and some phloem from the outside of the carrot I will take 15 samples of each type of cell from each carrot I will put 3 samples in each solution I would then leave it for 1 hour Then I would reweigh its mass Then plot these results onto a graph And then where the line crosses 0 is the concentration of the cytoplasm Conclusion As I conclude I can say that in my investigation I found out that the more sugar solution you cover in the carrot piece the higher the concentration of cell sap would be and there would be more osmosis activity. However what does mystify me is what you can see above, the two outliers because they don not surprisingly fit with the others but I am sure that if we do this investigation again there would be two outliers or less.

Cause and solution of environmental degradation Essay

Environmental degradation is not a new thing, it has been happening all over the world for centuries. The problem is that it is now occurring at a much faster rate, therefore not leaving enough time for the environment to recover and regenerate. Some of environmental degradation types are fossil fuel burning, waste disposal and deforestation. To begin with, the burning of fossil fuels by humans is the largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases rise into the air and contribute to global warming, which threatens the health of the oceans and the diverse organisms living there. In order to eliminate this pollution, people would rather replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar power, burning waste and water power. It is achievable for everyone but fossil fuels are very limited and becoming exhausted. Another factor which causes environmental degradation is waste disposal. In commerce, businesses mostly use non-biodegradable packaging, which many years to decompose, to reduce expense extremely. Industrial waste often contains chemicals eliminating directly to the sea without treatment which can lead to the pollution of water supplies. Moreover, household waste such as plastic and glass bottle without recycling is buried underground possibly causing land pollution. To improve the current environment issue, Government should release a policy for businesses, factory and household to concern about waste treatment, which is often omitted because of high cost. Businesses should use green packaging which is easy to decompose gradually, waste treatment process should be installed in factories and citizens must begin to recycle goods and packaging whenever possible. Deforestation is one of the main reasons causing environmental degradation. It is an act of clearing forest in order to accommodate agricultural, industrial or urban use. If this deforestation is not stop or controlled, the consequence could be soil degradation and erosion, changes in climatic conditions and destruction of natural habitats. In order to ameliorate deforestation, the local authorities should pay attention on forest reservation, encourage local people taking part in growing tree campaign or build green belt around urban area. To sum up, environmental degradation is becoming more and more serious worldwide. Governmental and social organizations should contribute actively to help people acknowledge the important of environment conservation.

Case 2 research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case 2 research paper - Essay Example Nonetheless, with increasing awareness among women as well as government initiatives to guard men and women against malfeasance of the society, more and more people are rising to protest against sexual harassment cases. As a result, the policy makers have also started developing more stringent and defined rules and policies in order to ward off criminals, who escape through loopholes in policies and amendments. The EEOC has set explicit guidelines so as to define sexual harassment. Any unwelcomed sexual advance, physical or verbal conduct or requests for sexual favors will be considered as sexual harassment, when; If such conduct has a purpose or an effect of unreasonable prying on the work performance of an individual or creates a hostile, offensive or intimidating working environment (TWU counseling center, n.d.). In a detailed manner, sexual harassment can be physical, verbal or non-verbal and even, psychological. It can also be in form of unwelcomed gestures or postures. Most of the activities performed by Peter Lewiston fall under the EEOC’s definition of sexual harassment; for instance, giving unwanted letters or materials, which are of sexual nature. Lewiston was constantly giving flowers to Gilbury without informing her and before she arrived in the school, which made her uncomfortable. Another act of sexual harassment pursued by Lewiston was that of pressurizing Gilbury for a date. Even after her rejection, he incessantly asked her to have lunch with him. Lewiston also deliberately touched her head, while having conversation with Gilbury, which made her further uncomfortable and uneasy. Peter also blocked her path, when she was returning from work. All of the above gestures, postures as well as actions pursued by Peter were unwelcomed by Gilbury and can definitely be considered as a case of sexual harassment. Dealing with complaints of harassment is

Frankfurts notion of Second Order Volition Essay

Frankfurts notion of Second Order Volition - Essay Example Frankfurt’s essay opens with his views on the concept of â€Å"person†. When his contemporaries seek to define a person as merely a body with states of consciousness, Frankfurt begs to differ. He states that a person is not just the singular form of ‘people’. It does not merely refer to the members of certain biological species with a set of specific physical and mental characteristics that are supposed to be uniquely human. Humans are not the only creatures with desires, motives and choices. But it is the capacity of reflective self-evaluation and a desire to be different from what they are that makes the persons a class apart from the other living beings.The primary feature that differentiates a person from other creatures is his structure of will. To define â€Å"will†, one needs to first understand the concept of first order desire. A first order desire is simply a desire for something or a desire to do or not to do one thing or another. For exam ple, a desire to smoke a cigarette or to watch a movie or to read a book is a first order desire. ... Therefore, a desire which determines the behaviour of a person at a critical moment and leads him to action in the presence of other conflicting desires is termed as will. (Frankfurt, 1971, pp. 4-5) To define â€Å"free will†, Frankfurt introduces another type of desires- second order desires. A second order desire refers to a desire about a first order desire or a desire to have or not to have a first order desire. Or in other words, a second order desire is a manifestation of the uniquely human ability of reflection on one’s first order desires. For example, a habitual smoker may have a desire to smoke but a smoker who is trying to quit may want â€Å"not to have a desire to smoke†. The latter is a case of second order desire.It is these second order desires that are regarded as a mark of ‘personhood’. (Frankfurt, 1971, p. 3) Second order desires which refer to effective first order desires are termed as second order volitions. In simpler terms, wh en a person wants a second order desire to be his will, it becomes a second order volition. To illustrate the concept better, we may take the example of a psychologist dealing with a drug addict patient. To understand his patient better, he may want to have the desire for drugs (second order desire). But he does not want his desire to be effective (to actually take drugs). The doctor thus demonstrates a second order desire but no second order volition. It is not second order desire but second order volition that is essential to being a person and this leads us to the definition of free will and freedom of action.((Frankfurt, 1971, p. 5) Free will is a situation wherein a person’s second order volition determines his behaviour. The definition of â€Å"freedom of will†

A Counter Claim to the Malthusian Theory on Food Production Research Paper

A Counter Claim to the Malthusian Theory on Food Production - Research Paper Example Malthus argues that the society needs to act to prevent such a thing from happening to the human race. He therefore states that people should be encouraged to come up with systems and practices that will ensure that population growth is checked (Malthus 72). He proposes 'positive' population growth checks like increase in death rate and preventive checks like low birth rate (Malthus 72). Although his argument might have been relevant in his time and might still be relevant in this generation, there are many flaws in his argument that are going be explored in this paper. This is in line with the connection of Malthus' ideas with modern day societies, particularly the societies most at risk of the claims he made – the developing world. This paper argues that Malthus' theory is NOT relevant to today's society because there are many ways that the problem of he raises can be dealt with in our modern era. The paper makes a claim that developing countries are NOT at risk of extinctio n or harmful practices because of population growth. Rather, developing countries today can maintain a steady population growth with corresponding improvements in technology, national structures and global interdependency. With these arguments, the paper seeks to prove that the threats of population growth are not applicable to today's society. Critique of Malthus' Position In the book, An Essay on the Principle of Population Malthus drew the attention of Britain and Europe to the dangers of population growth. It was in line with what became known as the Malthus Iron Laws which suggests that when population increases, there will be a large supply of labor and employers will exploit workers by offering lower wages, thereby increasing poverty. To an extent, I agree with this in the present world, because in a nation like China, wages are extremely low because there is a high population and there are no wage regulation laws (Cooke 152). However, this claim puts the independence of Malt hus into question. Right after the claim of the Iron Wage Laws come into prominence, Malthus comes up with this theory that population grows geometrically and food production grows exponentially? Was he writing this essay on the basis of empirical facts, or was he just being pessimistic to put fear into the people of Britain so that they controlled the population. Before Malthus wrote this book, there was no official census in Britain. It was this book that Malthus wrote which made Britain begin to count its people in 1800, two years after Malthus wrote this book (Davey XX). This suggests that Malthus only penned down this model on the basis of his personal sentiment without checking the population of any group of people. This is because Britain was one of the most advanced nations in the world. So if there was no system of taking populations on a regular and accurate basis, where did Malthus draw the conclusion that populations increase geometrically? And which farms did he study t o identify that food production is exponential. This therefore suggests that the conclusions of Malthus were based on personal sentiments and had little facts to back them. Another issue is about the way agriculture was carried out in the time of Malthus. Most people were involved in subsistence farming. Walters state that in the 1700s, 95% of people in England fed themselves through subsistence farming (36). This, again suggests that the proposition put forward by Malthus was based on a world where there

Saudi Arabian Press Coverage of the Events in Bahrain Essay

Saudi Arabian Press Coverage of the Events in Bahrain - Essay Example I also wish to pay my sincere regards to Dr. Chris Paterson, who opened his door and mind for me. Moreover, I gratefully acknowledge the support of Mr. Turki Abdullah Al Sideri, as he stood with me throughout the MA degree program, and very special thanks go to Al Saud University for providing me with this wonderful opportunity. I am also extremely grateful to the staff members, friends, colleagues and all others who supported, taught and helped me in the research and in learning the language, both at Sheffield University and Leeds University. A great deal of love, loyalty, and thanks go to the government of my country for providing me with this amazing opportunity to complete the MA program. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my father, mother, brothers, and sisters for their overwhelming support. This research paper investigates the performance of the Saudi Arabian press during the events in Bahrain between 14 February and 16 March 2011. It analyses the content of the press in Saudi Arabia with respect to the number of stories related to the Bahrain conflict and the theme and tone of these stories. Content analysis of the two leading Saudi Arabian newspapers, Alriyadh and Alyaum, was carried out by employing a constructed week approach for the entire period of the conflict. The results of this content analysis revealed that the coverage of the events in Bahrain by the Saudi Press was, to a great extent, dependent on the Saudi Press Agency (SPA), because of the constraints imposed on the press in the Kingdom by the Saudi Arabian information policy. The news related to Bahrain mostly appeared to be positive in tone and tended to support the agenda and interests of the government of Saudi Arabia with regards the political and democratic position of Bahrain, particularly when it involved the status of the Shiahs in the country.  

The Cost of My Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cost of My Education - Essay Example On a monthly basis, I have to cover expenses related to my car, food and snacks not included in the meal plan, as well as all extracurricular activity and entertainment costs. Step two. Having established my expense categories, I am now positioned to estimate the actual dollar amounts for each and obtain an estimate for one year. By using a spreadsheet, I am able to view this information by category and obtain an accurate calculation. My annual tuition is $15,000 and the insurance for my car is $4,200. Accordingly, my annual expenses add up to $19,200. Every semester my residency fees cost me $3,500 and the meal plan is $1,250. I expect my books to cost $300, my student activity and parking fees to be $100, and my lab fees to be $75. This means that my semester fees equal $5,225. Because I will be able to walk to class, I don't expect to spend much money on gas every month, about $50. The rest of my monthly expenses should not be more than $250, making my monthly total while in school about $300. During the summer, I'll be living at home and will not have monthly expenses. I can now accumulate this information into a one-year estimate by adding my annual expenses ($19,200) to my semester expenses for two semesters ($5,225*2 = $10,450) and my monthly expenses for the eight months I will be at s

A case study of Manchester United Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A case study of Manchester United - Essay Example Away from the pitch, the club also scores high in financial matters being worth around 1.13 billion pounds (IBN live, 2014, Para 2). The two most valued coaches in the history of Manchester United are sir Matt Busby and the legendary sir Alex Ferguson. Busby was the coach when the Munich air disaster happened, but survived and embarked on an endeavor to rebuild the team back to its competitive form. Busby resigned in 1969 and from then no other coach ever came close to his success until the entry of sir Alex Ferguson in 1986. The club has been successful for building on its strengths and focusing on its competencies for continued growth. The paper in this discussion will look at the strengths of the club, its competencies, a market analysis and strategic options in the next five years. Infrastructure- the theatre of dreams this is one of the largest all seater stadium in the English premier league. It can accommodate over 75,000 people and has been used for other purposes away from football. For a team that has been successful in the history of English football, Manchester United certainly has various strengths built over time. It is through capitalizing on its strengths and competencies that this team has been capable of rising to its current state. Through a SWOT analysis, these are the different strengths that Manchester United has built over time. Manchester United has built a global brand all over the world through creating a wide fan base. The club has over time moved from just a football team to a brand, focusing on consciousness around the world. Asia has long been a proud supporter of the team with the region providing the largest number of fans. Building this brand includes visits to Asia and other regions such as North America as they continue to build the Manchester brand. The club has turned fan’s passion into brand loyalty, and the justifying factor is profits (Kirsten, 2002, 14) The period of 1990-2012 has seen the rise

The Sitcoms of the 1970s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Sitcoms of the 1970s - Essay Example The television sitcoms of the 1970s explored our racism, sexism, and class bias and uncovered a reality that exposed the depth of prejudice in America and the television industry. Because television during this period was an evolving event, it's helpful to view it somewhat chronologically. By 1970 Leave it to Beaver had been deceased for 7 years. Ozzie and Harriet passed in 1964 and My Three Sons had just two more seasons of life left. The image of the typical American family that consisted of a well employed father living in suburbia had been exposed as a myth and could no longer support a sitcom. The 1960s and the war in Vietnam had dissolved the country's innocence and America was ready to explore their new maturity. No other vehicle would spark as much social, political, or cultural debate as the American sitcom during this period. The years 1970 - 1972 were as important for what was canceled as much as for what was debuted. In 1971, the rural south was virtually eliminated from the comedy half-hour format. Green Acres and the Beverly Hillbillies were both canceled. These two shows depicted an unrealistic view of the South and rural America in general. Characters were put in positions that were not believable while portraying a bias against the underlying themes of bigotry and ignorance. Mayberry RFD and Hee Haw, shows that reflected the widely accepted view of rural common sense and decency, also got cut in 1971. These shows would be replaced by more urban and topical settings with characters capable of generating greater controversy and better demographics (Butsch 19). Idealism was being tempered by network economics. A major theme that ran throughout the 1970s sitcom was the reshaping of our perception of the American household. The picture of the house being headed by a strong father figure was fading. Women were becoming more dominant and shown as more independent in shows such as Mary Tyler Moore and Maude. The men were portrayed with character flaws such as Archie Bunker in All in the Family and Fred Sanford in Sanford and Son. Men were underemployed and if married lived with a dominant female. This restructuring of the household offered the producers and writers the opportunity to explore issues that the white middle class male could not approach. June Cleaver could not even discuss abortion, while Maude Findlay could have one. Ward Cleaver did not drink while Walter Findlay, Maude's husband, was an alcoholic ("Maude"). Many sitcoms of this era were placed in a household where the children were grown. This provided an environment for adult issues to be aired and debated. It would also offer the contrasting social viewpoints that were emerging at the time. No other show propelled the 1970s sitcom genre as much as All in the Family did when it debuted in 1971. Producer Norman Lear had gone to the edges of the American psyche to explore racism. Yet, television was still in its adolescence and this was shown in the naivet of the program's plot and writing. Archie Bunker, the lead character, was an avowed bigot who referred to minorities as "Spades, Spics, or Hebes" and believed that their social gains were coming at the expense of the middle class whites ("All in the Family"). Lear believed that by playing Bunker as a misguided fool, his bigotry would likewise be

Desert Food Web Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desert Food Web - Assignment Example Plants such as brittlebushes, creosote bush, bur sage, catclaw, mesquite, rabbit brushes, lyceums, and jujube are abundant in deserts and these are the primary producers in this biome. The primary consumers include rabbits, kangaroo rats, grasshoppers, and ants, etc. The secondary consumers include lizards, snakes, and birds such as burrowing owls and mammals such as bats (craigmarlatt.com). Further, the energy passes on to the tertiary consumers such as the mountain lion, hawks, coyote and the scavengers. In recent decades, human impact on most of the biomes is well recorded. Even with the extreme climatic conditions, today desert dwellers make up about one percent of the world population. As a result of this, there is exploitation of several natural resources and even extinction of species. Human interferences can be seen in the form of agricultural activities, construction, oil and mineral exploitation, roads and transportation, etc. Agriculture demands water supply and the digging of wells has caused the groundwater table to drop in several desert regions. Oil and minerals exploitation takes several million years for its replenishment. There are hardly any regions of the world where humans have not made any changes or human impact is not visible. Desert landscapes have also been changed such as way that desert has turned green with the farmers using irrigation from underground sources as well as rivers. Inland waterways and pipes fetch water from remote rivers to these farms and the manmade vegetation is making use of the abundant mineral source for growth. Further, the oil and mining business support the construction of roads and infrastructures development. Residential apartments for workers and staffs and the air pollution through vehicles have also increased tremendously. Together with the agricultural activities, the increased grazing also posed a threat to the natural desert biomes.  

The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros Essay Example for Free

The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros Essay The book The House on Mango Street written by Sandra Cisneros is merely a collection of different (and in some ways similar) traits, experiences, cultures, traditions, values and points of views of the girls and boys living at Mango Street. From these collections collating in 44 inter-related chapters create a single topic of how the main character in the story Esperanza Cordero evolves, empowers herself, dreams and struggles to have a life she is aspiring of someday while still focusing herself to remain her feet standing on the ground.   The story also tackles some human rights issues although it is laid not in a tragic or overly dramatic situation since lightness and simple poetic style of narrating events and describing characters through short outline and vignettes are the manner the author has used.   Hence, the book is intentionally written for young mind readers for them to know and understand serious issues in a light touch. As a young preadolescent girl, Esperanza Cordero manages to identify herself in each of the character lives in her neighborhood although not exactly in the same manner.   She successful shows through her descriptions of the place and people in her life the not-so-good and not-so-bad experiences of the dual citizenship inhabitant in the city like the Latin – Americans.   She is most likely referring to females.   These females are what she actually provides us to be able to identify her as herself, or someone she wishes she could be or someone she hates exactly being a member of minority gender living in a minority community, in each of the characters given. Esperanza Cordero belongs to a family of six composed of a mother, a father, two brothers named Kiki and Carlos, and with only one sister Nenny.   Like many other kids, she has inner hopes and aspirations.   One of them is having a house she owns someday, and described as a white big one with lots of free space and bathrooms, perhaps due to her own experiences of living in a house of only one bedroom and bathroom.   After some changing of locations, her family decided to acquire a house to call their own to be free from rental obligations and irritating experiences of having landlords and landladies.   The house is situated at Mango Street.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the characters in the story are Cathy described as a typical rich girl who easily gets annoyed with the rudeness of people especially Esperanza’s male neighbors, Sally who at a young age forced to get married just to be free from domestic violence at home, another rich girl Alicia who always gets horrified with rats in their house, Elenita the fortune-teller, the materialistic girl Marin, Ruthie and Rafaela who always keep on telling Esperanza the disadvantages of marrying at a young age, and sisters Lucy and Rachel who are her playmates and companions in biking and in some memorable adventures along with her sister Nenny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Empowering herself is passively done as it is only a shadow which reflects her girly actions through her noting down of observations and understandings.   It means that the struggle of Esperanza to be free over power and superiority does not mean that she has to gain it over others or at the expense of others.   It only suggests that being true to oneself, as what she does, is enough to make things change for betterment. R E F E R E N C E S Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Random House Inc. 2005

Natrol Biotin Supplements: Uses and Effects

Natrol Biotin Supplements: Uses and Effects Natrol biotin Natrol Biotin is a supplement that is taken to increase Vitamin B7 in the body. Biotin and vitamin H are other terms used to identify this vitamin. Biotin is sourced from different foods and is needed in small amounts in the body. This is one reason why vitamin B7 deficiency is rare. The supplement is administered to prevent as well as treat a vitamin B7 deficiency. The deficiency can be brought on by pregnancy, malnutrition, long term tube feeding as well as rapid weight loss. It is also used to treat hair loss, weak nails, mild cases of depression, type two diabetes and skin rash in infants. Biotin is part of a large group of vitamins that fall under thee B complex classification (Ehrlich, 2011). Such vitamins aid the body to break down carbohydrates into energy that the body then uses as fuel. They also help the body to burn fats and protein. Without adequate biotin, the body is unable to metabolize amino acids, fats, carbohydrates as well as the building blocks of protein (Ehrlich, 2011). The supplement is included in many cosmetic products for hair and skin as it is believed to strengthen nails and hair. Vitamin B is generally not stored in the body as it is water soluble. However, there are bacteria in the digestive tract that can reconstitute it. The vitamin is also considered as a key nutrient for normal development of the fetus. As such, it is considered as a key nutrient for expectant mothers (Ehrlich, 2011). Similar to any nutritional supplement, there are guidelines on how it should be administered as well as notable side effects that can arise from the use or abuse of the supplements. Studies have been conducted to understand how this vitamin reacts with other substances when ingested and a number of effects have been noted. Similar to other modes of treatment, it is clear that this supplement has numerous benefits when administered in the right way. However, that not withstanding, cases do arise when these same supplements do more harm than good to a person. However, this is very rare. As such, it is necessary that one ensures that they seek professional medical advice should they feel that they need to use Natrol Biotin to combat hair loss, brittle nails or any other condition that the supplement is known to offer relief. Purported use and health claims A question that begs to be answered in here is why people take Biotin. From the introduction, it is clear that biotin plays an important role in the body. Vitamin B7 helps the skin maintain a healthy glow, strengthens nails, and prevents hair loss. It also supports health of the nerves, cells, metabolism and digestive tract (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). It has also been found to be an effective treatment on some types of nerve illnesses that arise from diabetes and kidney failure (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). Supplements such as Natrol Biotin have been subjected to controlled clinical studies to determine how effective they are for certain health conditions. Early clinical research has indicated that the supplement helps to decrease insulin resistance in people suffering from type two diabetes (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). However, additional research needs to be done as no conclusive position has been reached on its use for treatment. Other uses for biotin that lack support in terms of adequate clinical research include treatment of conditions such as hair loss, hepatitis, depression and cradle cap (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). The supplement is however known to help strengthen brittle nails. Biotin is crucial for normal embryonic growth and as such is considered as a key nutrient for expectant mothers. As earlier highlighted, Biotin is a nutrient that is naturally available in food. As such, most people do not need the supplements. In addition, the human body recycles biotin that has already been used. As such, a deficiency in vitamin B7 is rare (Karriem-Norwood, 2013). Why use biotin supplements The rationale for the use of biotin supplements is to treat and prevent a deficiency. However, considering that this is a rare deficiency to have, in most cases, the supplement is used to treat conditions such as lethargy, mild cases of depression, nerve disorders and delusions. Some evidence exists that mild biotin deficiency can be caused by cigarette smoking. As the supplement is known to react with other drugs, it is advised that one seeks medical advice before they choose to take biotin supplements. He Institute of Medicine provides a table that indicates the appropriate dosage for different categories. Infants ranging from zero to 6 months need five micrograms (mcgs) per day (WebMD, 2015). Those aged between seven and twelve months need six mcgs per day. Children between ages one and eight require eight mcgs daily. Those aged between nine and thirteen require twenty micrograms daily while those aged between fourteen and eighteen years need twenty-five micrograms per day (WebMD, 2015). Adults generally require thirty micrograms per day. However, for breastfeeding women, the advisable intake is thirty-five micrograms (WebMD, 2015). While it is clear that the body requires very few doses of biotin per day, no research evidence suggests that a high intake poses a health risk. However, cases have arisen where natrol biotin users have reported experiencing negative side effects such as a skin rash. Some of the signs of a biotin overdose include lower levels of certain vitamins in the body, slower release of insulin and high blood sugar levels (Oliver, 2015). Very few studies have been done to evaluate biotin largely because a deficiency is extremely rare. As such, many of the studies that have been carried out are based on case reports or weak evidence. There is inconclusive evidence to suggest that biotin supplements such as natrol biotin improve hair loss as well as strengthen the toe and fingernails. The vitamin supplement has however been paired up with topical clobetasol and zinc to treat alopecia areata (WebMD, 2015). This is largely attributed to its role as part of the building blocks of protein. The patient given biotin supplements that are to be administered orally as well as a cream containing clobetasol propionate which is applied to the skin (WebMD, 2015). Though the evidence available is to some degree insufficient, cases have shown that biotin, on its own alters blood sugar levels in people suffering from type two diabetes. It has also been noted to reduce diabetic nerve pain (WebMD, 2015). Some evidence also shows that when it is combined with Chromium, it helps to reduce blood sugar levels in people suffering from type 2 diabetes. Earlier evidence has also shown that the same combination helps reduce high cholesterol for such patients (WebMD, 2015). Biotin might also increase the thickness of nails. It is used in cosmetic products for hair and skin at varying concentrations that range up to as high as 0.6% (Fiume, 2001). The vitamin is also known to absorb some ultra violet radiation. Its high solubility in water results in it being metabolized and expelled in urine. No known side effects have been found based on tests conducted. The tests that have been carried out include intradermal injection of the vitamin in guinea pig skin, with the biotin being at a pH of 7.3 failed to produce transient ocular irritation when it was given to rabbits. Oral administration of the vitamin to mice did not result in any differences between control and treatment groups (Fiume, 2001). However, in one study, where individuals were exposed to a biotin every day, evidence of urticarial reaction was found (Fiume, 2001). However, no parallel appearance of reaction was noted or the appearance of irritation as well as any other adverse reactions. As suc h, it has been concluded that biotin is safe to use in cosmetic products (Fiume, 2001). Summary and Conclusion Natrola Biotin is not a drug but a nutritional supplement for vitamin B7 which is otherwise known as Biotin. Biotin is an important nutrient as it contributes to the healthy appearance of skin and hair. As such, it is one of the ingredients in cosmetic products. The human body does not need this nutrient in large doses which is why cases of deficiency are extremely rare. The man reasons why people take the supplement is to treat hair loss and brittle nails. It is also used together with other products to treat some diseases such as type 2 diabetes and kidney failure. Expectant mothers are the only category of people that require the highest supply of the nutrient per day. It has also been known to be used to treat skin rash that at times occurs in children. So far, evidence is insufficient concerning its use for treatment of a number of diseases that it apparently helps to alleviate. However, from the role the nutrient plays in the body of breaking down carbohydrates into energy that the body then uses as fuel, and in aiding in the break-down of fats and protein, it is clear that it is a vital component in the human body. It is also known to aid the body to metabolize amino acids, fats, carbohydrates as well as the building blocks of protein (Ehrlich, 2011). References Ehrlich, S. D. (2011, June 26). Vitamin H (Biotin). Retrieved from umm.edu Fiume, M. (2001). Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Biotin. International Journal of Toxicology, 45-61. Karriem-Norwood, V. (2013, June 5). Biotin. Retrieved from webmd.com: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/lifestyle-guide-11/supplement-guide-biotin Oliver, D. (2015, February 8). Why You Should Be Cautious Of Taking Biotin For Your Hair, Skin Nails. Retrieved from huffingtonpost.com: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/30/biotin-hair-skin-nails_n_4016804.html?ir=IndiaadsSiteOverride=in WebMD. (2015). Biotin Uses and Effectiveness. Retrieved from webmd.com: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-313-biotin.aspx?activeingredientid=313activeingredientname=biotin

Needs and Rights of the Elderly in Social Care

Needs and Rights of the Elderly in Social Care How to balance the rights and needs of older people is a complex and important issue as it is an occurrence that will inevitably affects us all at some stage of our lives. It is fundamental to ensure a balance of the rights and needs of the individuals by remaining aware of the current Anti-Discriminatory and Anti-Oppressive Practices especially in residential care environments. In order to protect and respect elderly people it is imperative to look at these units, ensure their effectiveness; encourage accountability and most importantly, their provision of safety. This paper explores the nature of the discipline of social work and to illustrate that perhaps its central and unique characteristic is the way theory and practice are closely interrelated in reference to an article written in The Guardian dated 22nd January 2005, They didn’t have long anyway. Society has moved from the traditional family set-up where grandparents usually lived with their family in the nineteen and twentieth centuries to where families are more divided, private and elderly people often live on their own or eventually move into residential units or nursing homes. For the relative making this decision, it can be a distressing time evoking feelings of guilt or worry that they may be letting their parent down at a time of their life when they particularly need them. It can be especially complex if the elderly person resists the move. This is where the help of the social sector can be needed, both for support and information. It is helpful to have an open discussion with the elderly person, reassure them that any decision is made with their best interests being the main concern and that they are also involved in the decision-making process, wherever possible. (Rudd 1967, pp.13-15; Banks 1984, pp. 85-8). Social work’s context of care has changed significantly over the last few decades according to Ife (1997) and Banks (1995). As result of changes in politics, economic and ideologies, some gaps may exist until the social work sector has time to adapt, particularly as social work is not a single entity, rather it is made up of many components. Social work is at times ambiguous, complex and uncertain such that its major strengths are in terms of its ability to improve dialogue, understanding and interpretation, rather than simply be concerned with legislating and acting with authority. (Ife 1997, pp.1-5; Hugman, R 1995, pp 1-12). In the article, They didn’t have long anyway published in the Guardian 22nd January 2005, many vital issues are highlighted, namely the concerning deaths of thirteen elderly persons at the former Maypole that seemed to result in a low-key reaction by society. The article outlines that other sectors of society such as children at risk are protected by laws and rightfully so, yet the same does not adequately seem to apply to elderly people who may also be at risk in institutions. The main concern is that many nursing homes are sub-standard, the food is badly cooked, and hygiene standards questionable and often staff are not providing adequate care and safety for the residents. It is a difficult area of care to decipher definite statistics proving negligence as according to the article there is a lack of meaningful, national data that could provide reliable information. The situation is further complicated by the fact that there can be conflicts of interests with parties such as care providers, pharmacists and doctors and this may add to the concern regarding standards. Plus, the age-old dilemma of funding and lack of resources. The most concerning issue the article raises is that it is the staff member’s responsibility to report the death to a coroner, this could lead to those acting honourably to do so and conversely those that do not, will not report the death. (Muir, H Taylor, D 2005). There has been a long history of research into living conditions and potential abuse in institutional settings by theorists such as Goffman (1961) and Townsend (1962) culminating into a more significant scale in the 1970s and 1980s. Twenty years of campaigning resulted in the launch of two codes of conduct for the social care sector in 2002 in Britain. One code aims to identify social care workers’ conduct making them more accountable for the care they provide as well as informing service users of the standards they can expect. They are responsible for ensuring that they adhere to such standards and they protect the well-being of service users which in this case are elderly people in institutions. They work to a code of ethics including the concern for the well-being of others, respect for the autonomy of others, trustworthiness and honesty, willing compliance with the law (with the exception of civil disobedience), basic justice, refusing to take unfair advantage, duty of car e, confidentiality, commitment to professional responsibilities and preventing harm. The second code for employers of social care workers, ensuring their regulation in order to safeguard and promote the interests of both service users and carers. The code is part of the wider component of existing legislation, requirements and guidance relating to staff employment. (Excellence in caring, 2002). So this leads us to the question of what is going wrong? It is clear that elderly people are particularly at risk as they have are generally voiceless and marginalised as the move from their homes into an institution is usually fast and their families may have no idea of the potential dangers in the system. Often homes do not have regular legislative inspections, thus they can deteriorate with less questions being asked. A continued commitment to safeguarding this sector of our community needs to occur to prevent neglect and abuse. As the article They didn’t have long anyway concludes, it is often those with the loudest voices who are heard. Elderly people do not fit this description, thus it is important that a combination of steps are taken to ensure a balance of the rights and needs of the individuals by remaining aware of the current Anti-Discriminatory and Anti-Oppressive Practices especially in residential care environments. Bibliography Banks, G 1984. Options. A handbook for the elderly and those who care for them. Dove Communications, Victoria. Goffman, E 1961. Asylums. Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Penguin Books, Great Britain. Hugman, R 1995. Ethical Issues in Social Work. Routledge, Great Britain. Ife, J 1997. Rethinking Social Work. Towards critical practice. Longman, Australia. Rudd, T.N 1967. Human Relations in Old Age. Faber and Faber, London. Townsend (1962) The Last Refuge, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Internet Sites Colero, L A Framework For Universal Principles of Ethics, Crossroads Programs Inc, retrieved 5th May 2006, from: http://www.ethics.ubc.ca/papers/invited/colero.html Excellence in caring, 2002 Guardian Unlimited, retrieved 5th May 2006, from: http://society.guardian.co.uk/scperformance/story/0,11025,629574,00.html. Ethics Update, 2006 University of San Diego, retrieved 5th May 2006, from: http://ethics.sandiego.edu/index.asp#PageCite. Muir, H Taylor, D, 22nd January, 2005, They didn’t have long anyway, viewed 6th April 2006: http://www.guardian.co.uk/ No secrets: guidance on developing and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse, 2000 Department of Health and Home Office, retrieved 5th May 2006, from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4008486chk=7Wogjo

Essay example --

Learning to read and becoming a fluent, confident reader can be a very daunting task for young children. There are many reading intervention strategies that can be used with children of any age. However, one strategy that seems affective is the use of reading poetry. â€Å"Poetry is a good choice for teaching fluency because of its rich and playful language† (Faver, 2008, pg. 351). How can repeated reading of poetry increase fluency, word-recognition, and confidence in young readers? Two articles, â€Å"Repeated Reading of Poetry Can Enhance Reading Fluency† by Sherri Faver and, â€Å"Building Fluency, Word-Recognition Ability, and Confidence in Struggling Readers: The Poetry Academy† by Lori G. Wilfong, through different strategies, prove how poetry can help struggling readers. The research strategies used in these articles were different. However, many of their methods were similar, and their results were the same. The reading methods used in both articles included repeated reading, listening-while-reading, assisted reading, and modeling. Before going into detail of these studies, fluent and non-fluent readers must be defined. According to Rasinski (2004), a fluent reader is defines as â€Å"one who accurately decodes words while automatically recognizing them and using the appropriate oral expression while reading† (Faver, 2008, pg. 350). A good and fluent reader should be able to read, or decode, words and comprehend what they have read. On the other hand, a non-fluent reader reads slowly and pays more attention to the decoding of words, and therefore their comprehension is greatly affected (Faver, 2008). The article â€Å"Repeated Reading of Poetry Can Enhance Reading Fluency† involves Sherri Faver and her second-grade classroom. Faver believes ... ...ntion strategy can increase fluency, word-recognition, and comprehension in young readers. â€Å"The use of poetry in the classroom can help build student confidence and improve their reading skills and attitudes† (Wilfong, 2008, p. 11). In the Poetry Academy, teachers saw an increase in fluency, improvements in student attitude towards reading, and increased family involvement. Wilfong encouraged teachers and parents to read one-on-one to students and children (Wilfong 2008, p. 11). Faver concluded that as a result of repeated reading and performing poetry, she saw growth in reading fluency, comprehension, and self-confidence. Faver also advised teachers to try and implement poetry into their class, saying, â€Å"it is not time consuming and does not require expensive materials, all it requires is time, patience, and the willingness to try new things† (Faver, 2008, p. 352).

Is Spreading Democracy in the U.S. National Interest? Essay -- U.S. Go

The Truman Doctrine established a policy of containment against communist governments. People believed the spread of communism would overthrow the democratic ideals our country believed in and followed. After the policy of containment died down, a new policy of spreading democracy emerged. This new policy has both good and ill effects on the â€Å"helped† nations and our own. In 2011, there were 115 electoral democracies, representing nearly sixty percent of the world’s government were democratic. In 1989, just 41 percent of all governments were democratic (Current Issues, 2011-12, p. 168). So, is spreading Democracy in the U.S. national interest? Or should our nation employ a more hands-off approach? The textbook defines democracy as a system of government in which the people rule; rule by the many. A core belief of Democracy is that ordinary people want to rule and are capable of governing themselves (Greenberg & Page, 2011, p.4). The textbook states that political thinkers attribute several components of democracy to its widespread appeal. First, democracy is considered to protect human rights the best because it is founded on the recognition of the intrinsic worth and equality of human beings. Second, democracies are the most likely to produce rational policies because it can count on pooled knowledge with which to make the decision. Third, democracies are long-lasting and more stable because their leaders are elected and answerable to voters. Fourth, democracy is considered to be the best government for economic growth and material well-being. Finally, democracy lets its citizens be free, which causes a state of mind allowing them to best develop their talents and skills. (G reenberg & Page, 2011, p.4). As stated, Democracy is ... ...ates Should Spread Democracy. Mar. 1998. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. . Greenberg, Edward S., and Benjamin I. Page. The Struggle for Democracy. 10th ed. Boston: Longman, 2011. Print. "Democracy and Human Rights." Current Issues. Ed. Joe Geraghty. 35th ed. Alexandria: Close Up, 2011. 168-81. Print. Lagon, Mark P. Promoting Democracy: The Whys and Hows for the United States and the International Community. Rep. Council on Foreign Relations, Feb. 2011. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. . Coyne, Christopher J., and Tamara Coffman Witte. Can We Export Democracy? Rep. CATO Institute, Jan.-Feb. 2008. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. .

Comparing Atticus to Jake Essay

To Kill a Mockingbird,? and Jake Brigance, the leading man of ? A Time to Kill,? are both brave, determined lawyers. Though they share some similar techniques in the way they defend their clients, overall their methods as lawyers are quite different. In the courtroom, Atticus? qualities are the same as they are in his everyday life. He takes being a lawyer seriously, and sees it as a calling, rather than a job. He is an experienced lawyer, and uses cross examination to discover that Bob Ewell was left handed, and that Tom Robinson? left arm was unusable ? both crucial pieces of evidence for his case. Jake, on the other hand, is young and inexperienced. Near the beginning of the case, Jake says to Carl Lee, ? We’re going to lose this case, Carl lee. There are no more points of law to argue here. I want to cop a plea, maybe Buckley will cop us a second degree murder and we can get you just life in prison.? He was given assistance by his mentor, Lucius, and used his methods, rath er than his own. However, as it came to the end of the film, Jake learned how to successfully defend Carl Lee on his own. He connected with the jury, realising what would help him win the case. ?Can you see her? Her raped, beaten, broken body soaked in their urine, soaked in their semen, soaked in her blood, left to die. Can you see her? I want you to picture that little girl. Now imagine she’s white.? Atticus? characteristics remain generally constant throughout the book, but he was swayed a little by his sister? s input. He maintained his dignity, even when Bob Ewell spat in his face, saying, ? So if spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell one extra beating, that’s something I’ll gladly take. He had to take it out on somebody and I’d rather it be me than that houseful of children out there.? This persecution is also an example of Atticus being linked to the theme of prejudice in the story. Jake develops dramatically throughout the film. Over time he learned to accept help from Ellen Roark, instead of being proud, and showed self control when tempted by her. He tried to create a true friendship with Carl Lee, and learned to find his own witnesses for the case, instead of relying on his mentor. Jake? family are the most important thing to him, and were the main reason he took the case. ?When I look at her though, I cannot help but think about Tonya,? he said of his young daughter; he didn? t want the same thing to happen to her. He also didn? t compromise his marriage when given the chance. He speaks of truth and from his heart, questioning the courtroom, ? What is it in us that seeks the truth? Is it our minds or is it our hearts Jake also believed in the death pena lty; therefore he was probably not a Christian. Atticus, however, was a brave Christian man with moral values. He was polite and humble, and saw everyone as equals. Scout said of her father, ? It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived.? Atticus shows that he is above the people of Maycomb when he took Tom Robinson? s case, rather than sharing their racist feelings. However, he still respected their choice; ? They’re certainly entitled to think that, and they’re entitled to full respect for their opinions†¦ ut before I can live with other folks I’ve got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn’t abide by majority rule is a person’s conscience.? Even when he and his family were deemed as outcasts, he didn? t drop his case. He discouraged his children? s prejudiced attitude towards Boo and the other Radleys, because he chose not to believe the rumours that were spread around Maycomb. Jake opposed the rapists? racist and prejudiced attitude towards Negroes and women. He was not dispirited by the behaviours of the jury and injustice of the court system, or manipulated by the KKK. At the end of the film, Jake breaks through and forms a friendship with Carl Lee when he shows him that he cares by taking his family to Carl Lee? s house for a barbeque. Both Atticus and Jake show great character throughout ? To Kill a Mockingbird? and ? A Time to Kill.? While Jake develops significantly during the film, ? A Time to Kill,? Atticus does not develop much throughout ? To Kill a Mockingbird? ; however, he was already a humble, courageous man in the beginning of the story. Both men stick up for what they believe in, and are not swayed by the thoughts and opinions of the townspeople where they live. During his ordeal, Atticus shows greater character than Jake did, because he takes the case more seriously and with dignity. He remains calm, even when things are hard for him. Jake, on the other hand, feels the need to send his family away so that he doesn? t have to worry about them. The reason he took the case in the beginning was because for selfish reasons; because of his feeling of guilt, and not wanting the same thing to happen to his young daughter – rather than taking the case only out of the kindness of his heart, as Atticus did.

Toyota vs Honda – Other Financial Analysis

4. Other financial and non-financial analysis This section objective is to compare significant financial and non-financial information and identify risks reported in Toyota’s and Honda’s 2010 Annual Report, Notes to the Financial Statements, Company Official Websites, Bloomberg and Thompson Reuters; which are not reflected in our financial ratio analysis and might have a significant impact in our investment decision making process. Dividends Payments and Dividend Yield Cash dividends per share| | | | Year| 31/03/2008| 31/03/2009| 31/03/2010| Company| | | | Toyota| | ? 140. 00 | ? 100. 00 | ? 45. 00 | Honda| | ? 86. 00 | ? 63. 00 | ? 38. 00 | | | | | | | | | | | Estimated dividend yield* %| | | | Year| 31/03/2008| 31/03/2009| 31/03/2010| Toyota| | 2. 82%| 3. 18%| 1. 20%| Honda| | 3. 02%| 2. 74%| 1. 15%| | | | | | * A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price. The dividend yield is the return on investment for a stock. | Toyota has been paying higher dividends per share over the three financial years ended at March, 31st. In addition, the dividend yield calculation shows that Toyota has been providing a higher ROI for its shareholders stocks investment in 2009 and 2010. Contractual Obligations Contractual Obligations* | | | | | | | | | | | | | Payments due by period (Yen – Million)| | | Less than 1 year| 1 to 3 years| 3 to 5 years| 5 years and after| Total| Toyota| ? 5,544,923 | ? 4,271,809 | ? 1,477,862 | ? 1,345,294 | ? 12,639,888 | Honda| ? 2,086,970 | ? 1,680,539 | ? 781,779 | ? 135,967 | ? 4,685,255 | Ratio Toyota over Honda| 2. 66 | 2. 54 | 1. 9 | 9. 89 | 2. 70 | | | | | | | * Includes short and long term borrowings, capital and operating leases, interest payments and contributed defined benefit pension plans. | The above mentioned analysis is meant to understand the future obligations Toyota and Honda have in regards to their future earnings. For Example, for every ? 1 million earned in the 2011 financial year by Toyota, the company is committed to pay its contractual obligations of ? 26 6,000, while, for the same ? 1 million Honda 2011 financial year earnings, the company is only committed to pay ? 100,000. This means that Honda would have more earnings to spare for future business developments and dividend payments. Net Revenue Geographic Segmentation Net Revenues Geographic Segmentation| | | | Yen in Millions | | Toyota| %| Honda| %| Japan| ? 7,314,813 | 39%| ? 1,577,318 | 18%| North America| ? 5,583,228 | 29%| ? 3,736,447 | 44%| Europe| ? 2,082,671 | 11%| ? 764,785 | 9%| Asia| ? 2,431,648 | 13%| ? 1,543,397 | 18%| Others| ? 1,538,613 | 8%| ? 957,227 | 11%| | ? 18,950,973 | 100%| ? 8,579,174 | 100%| The table above shows the concentration % of Toyota and Honda Net Revenue by geographical segmentation. Toyota top net revenue segments contribution comes from Japan at 39%, followed by North America 29% and Asia 13%; while, Honda top net revenue segments comes from North America 44%, Asia and Japan are tied with 18%. Knowing that Japan was hit by a Tsunami in the first quarter of 2011; in our opinion, this natural catastrophic event will adversely affect Toyota net revenue in Japan for the upcoming financial year. This means that Honda overall, will probably have a more stable stream of revenue from the North America and Asia regions to support its operations.

Anne Bradstreet – 3

Masab Mansoor 10/8/12 English III 5H Ms. Sanchez Anne Bradstreet: Uncustomary and Unique A seventeenth century poetic writer, Anne Bradstreet is a very important figure in American Literature history. Born in 1612 in England, she came to America as part of a fleet of Puritan emigrants in 1630. Bradstreet is considered by many to be the first American poet. Her writing style is typical of Puritan writing in some cases, and in other cases it is atypical of Puritan writing. Being a Puritan woman, Anne Bradstreet incorporated many ideas like religion into her writings, as religion was a fundamental, pivotal focus of Puritan society and life.In her poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband,† Bradstreet wrote, â€Å"The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray† (10). In this line Bradstreet is talking about praying to the Lord and heavens about rewarding her loving husband. This poem is more romantic than typical Puritan writing. This line is an example how Bradstreet included Pur itan concepts like religion and worship even into her more personal, romantic poetic writings. In Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"Upton the Burning of Our House, July 10th 1666,† Bradstreet in multiple instances wrote in a typical Puritan style, one with a focus on religion and the Lord.In lines 8-9 of the poem, Bradstreet wrote, â€Å"And to my God my heart did cry to strengthen me in my distress. † In this line, Bradstreet said that when her house burned down, her heart cried to God to give her strength in the tough time she was going to. Bradstreet showed how she believed in God as the one who provides strength in time of need. Also, in the same poem, Bradstreet wrote, â€Å"Thou hast an house on high erect framed by that mighty Architect† (43-44). God is the Architect that Bradstreet wrote about in these lines, and the Kingdom of Heaven is the â€Å"house on high erect†.Bradstreet showed that her focus was not on her burned house, but rather the house that God has for her in His glorious Kingdom. While Bradstreet does have many cases where she wrote in a typical Puritan style, she also wrote in a style atypical to regular Puritan writing. For example, in Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband,† she wrote, â€Å"If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee† (1-2). In these lines, Bradstreet expressed her love for her husband quite explicitly and openly, which was not the typical Puritan writing style.Puritan women did not express their views and opinions publicly as it was frowned upon, especially one of such romantic content. Lines 4-5 of the same poem further show Bradstreet’s poetic romanticism when she challenged other women, saying â€Å"Compare with me, ye women, if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold. † This open provocation in which Bradstreet challenged and dared women to compare her love for her husband to their love for their husbands was quite atypical of normal Puritan writing.Not only did Bradstreet voice her romantic views, she challenged others to compare their love to hers. This romanticism that Bradstreet constantly included in the content of this poem showed that in some cases, she displayed a writing style atypical to normal Puritan writing. Bradstreet implemented a unique writing style in her poetry, one that included aspects of typical Puritan writing, like the focus on religion, as well as aspects that were not typical of Puritan writing, including her romanticism.Both poems, â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† and â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th 1666† show how Bradstreet very interestingly mixed her two styles to give a distinct feel to her poetry; the juxtaposition between the typical Puritan style and the atypical romantic style brought a unique style to her writing. Her distinctive writing is what makes her one of the most important figures in the h istory of American Literature.

Comparing the Poem “Richard Corey” with Money and Happiness

Do money and happiness go together? In the poem â€Å"Richard Corey ,â€Å" the author wants the reader to think or accept the generalization that money does not bring you happiness. There are different people in the public eye who would make you think, no, money does not make you happy. Then there are people in the public eyes that you would think, yes, money can make a person happy. But, does money really make you happy? Well, personally I have never been rich. I was poor and now I have enough money to save and pay bills so that I am not living pay check to pay check. There are famous people who are wealthy. They have drug problems, alcohol issues, and behavioral issues with the law. They are not happy. When you have a drug or an alcohol problem then you are running from deep-rooted issues. Look at Charlie Sheen, Whitney Houston, Elvis Presley, Kat Williams and many others. These people have either died from overdoses or have been in trouble with the law from either alcohol or drug related problems. I don’t think all the money in the world would have made or make them happy. If anything, money was a short term solution to their problems. Would they act the same if they were poor? There are people like Oprah Winfry, Beyonce Knowles, Jay-z, Michele Obama, and many more that you would think that money made these people happy. They all go on trips, have nice houses, and they are not in the spotlight of the media for any drug, alcohol, or negative publicity. They are always smiling and they are family and friend oriented. So is it the money that makes them happy? I feel we will never know. I am far from having a lot of money. My husband and I live comfortably with the money we make. We work together to bring in the money to support our kids. My husband works really hard at his job. Are we happy? Yes, we are very happy. It’s not because of the money though. We make each other happy. We are surrounded by our family and friends. It’s the love we have for our kids, family, and each other that makes us happy. It was not always like that for me though. With my ex-husband, we were living pay check to pay check. We always were broke and needed help from family all the time. My ex-husband did not want to work and put all the stress to take care of everything on me. Was I happy? No, hence the reason he is my ex-husband. It was not because of the money though. It was because my ex-husband was like black smoke that smothered me and stressed me out so much. In conclusion, I don’t think money can make a person happy for the long haul. I feel that kind of happiness is for that moment. Materialistic things are only there for that moment. All I know is money is not the reason for my happiness. We all have our own reasons for our own happiness. What is yours?

Sociological Imagination -Teen Pregnancy

Sociological imagination is defined by C. Wright Mills as the â€Å"vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society†. It is the process of looking at your own life in the context of your society or community. This paper is looking at teenage pregnancy and the impact on society, and will provide a sociological imagination analysis of the individual and social impact. Being an un-married and pregnant teenager can be an incredibly challenging and scary experience especially if that child does not have a support structure. The national Campaign to prevent teen and planned pregnancy (NCPTP) reports that 3 out of every 10 children under the age of 20 become pregnant at least once, and 67% of those new families are in poverty, of which 52% are on welfare (â€Å"the national†, n. d). Being a teenage mother comes with a plethora of issue for the individual and for society. Teenage mothers lack a level of maturity that comes with age and experiences, they may try to hide the pregnancy, not take care of themselves and continue with risky behavior that could jeopardize the health of the infant and the mother. Their lack of maturity may led them to believe that everything will be alright, that they can be a great mother, that their boyfriend will eventually see the light and step up to the plate. But this is rarely the case, more often than not the child is born of low birth weight, premature or with other health conditions. Those children will probably suffer abuse, perform poorly in school and use the welfare system to help support themselves; it can become a vicious and publicly expensive cycle that is very difficult to break. A teenage mother from a lower class broken family may have a completely different experience than that of an upper class family. She may experience poor nutrition, neglect and herself be the result of a teenage mother. A lifestyle of this nature may also lead to self esteem issues, drug use and other criminal behaviors. It is not uncommon for young women in this scenario to be a member of a family on welfare, and it may actually seem normal to them to become pregnant early and to go on welfare. What we experience in our lives become normal for the small society around us and sometimes it is very difficult to move outside that circle, especially if there is abuse or a financial challenge holding them there. She has no life experience or a proper understanding of the responsibilities involved in raising a child. She is just following in the footsteps of those around her. This lack of maturity, education and vision limits how she views the impact on society. She is so caught up in her world with limited exposure outside her environment that the negative impact on society may not even cross her mind. The costs of the programs she uses like welfare need to be paid by someone, and that someone is the tax payer. In 2010 463,000 children were in foster care and it is more likely that the teenagers in foster care will end up as teenage parents; those children are also more likely to end up in foster care themselves (â€Å"teen pregnancy†, 2010). In 2004 the taxpayers needed to pay 2. 3 billion dollars to cover these costs (â€Å"teen pregnancy†, 2010). If you take this one step further and look past the total costs and go down to the individual that pays their taxes to support these programs, you may see more and more family struggle to cover the bill. It would benefit all involved if more effort was placed on education and programs to help control teenage pregnancy, and maybe we should all take a look at how sexual our society has become. References Teen pregnancy and child welfare (2010, August). Retrieved on April 30, 2011 from, http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/child_welfare.pdf The national data to prevent teen and unplanned pregnancy (n.d). Retrieved on April 29, 2011 from, http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/national-data/default.aspx

JPMorgan Chase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JPMorgan Chase - Essay Example Securities and Banks are also recognized as the most sensitive economic sectors which are on high risk of gambling due to multiple reasons such as increased internal money supply and violation of laws. Therefore they strongly require protection from agencies, for example, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). These agencies provide protection to Securities or Banks from gambling and fraud subsequently reducing the risk factor attached to them and also analyzes their overall operations and activities. This makes the role of these administrative agencies substantial so as to amplify the economic growth and development. To further explain this lets first consider the example of JP Morgan Chase’s gambling case of summer 2012 (Gordon, 2012). JP Morgan Chase is the leading bank of United States of America; the bank’s Chief Investment Office (CIO) declared a loss of $5.8 in summer 2012. The reasons put forward by the bank w ere concerning inappropriate investment decisions. In order to conceal the gambling case, the top management provided falsified reports of the year’s first quarter to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). ... On the other hand Chief Investment Officer, Ina Drew, watched over the responsibility of loss to the trading group. He left the bank soon after this event occurred. SEC along with FBI investigated the trading loss at the biggest bank of US with respect to assets (Gordon, 2012). Elements of a Valid Contract Contract is broadly defined as an official agreement between two parties which is then used by the court in order to make judgments. Generally contracts need to follow certain requirements so as to acquire validity and authenticity only after which they can be used by the court. Following are the main components of a Valid Contract (Laurence, 2013): Offer: It is the initial most element of a contract. It is basically a form of promise between two parties which then transforms into an official contract. Acceptance: Offer is subsequently followed by an acceptance from another party to whom the offer is made. The acceptance of an offer indicates that the other party has approved all t he rules and regulations presented in an offer. Consideration: One the offer is accepted then an exchange takes place between the two parties through consideration. In this case the other person gives something to the first person so as to verify the contract. Creating Legal Relations: Legal relations are created to establish consensus between two parties to legalize the contract so that its authenticity and validity increases. Certainty: It is yet another significant element of a valid contract which deems the rules and regulations stated in the contract. These should be clearly understood by both the parties. It includes details such as the time period of a particular contract. Capacity: Capacity defines the pre-requisites of entering into a contract. For instance,

Infectious Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Infectious Disease - Essay Example So if the transition happens they move into infectious group. Consequently infectious group is the one that spreads it back to susceptible for certain period of time, which is known as ‘infectious period’ after that period they are a considered to be immune for life if recovered. The following picture depicts a basic SIR model used analyzing an infectious disease Using notation from our SIR model there are some equations that can be formed in order to find answer to my IA question. When modelling SIR models it is very important to identify the independent and dependant variables. As in majority of the mathematical models time ‘t’ is going to be independent variable and it is going to be measured in days. More people are getting infected when there is a contact between infected people and susceptible. In our equations represents number of contacts infective person has each day. If we decided that I represents number of all infected people than represents number for all infected contacts per day. But infected people come in contact only with susceptible ones therefore we need to multiply (susceptible fraction of the population) we get: This expression looks like first differential equation, but in our equation of change in susceptible class is negative. It is negative because people from that class are getting removed into the infected class. In order to represent those equations as a derivation they should be expressed with relation to our dependant and independent variables. In order to represent the rate of change as a derivation every dependant variable such as S, I, R should be represented with relation to time. When talking about infectious disease such function of time as ‘next day’ can be represented as: S(t+t) – S(t). Applying those changes to our equations we get: Following the same principle as we used explaining ‘Equation 1’ next day increase in I can be represented by finding all the cases that can happen tomorrow

The relationship between justice or rights Essay

The relationship between justice or rights - Essay Example It can be noted that there is a correlation between the concepts of rights and law. As such, this paper seeks to critically analyse the relationship between rights and law. It starts by defining these two concepts in order to get a full understanding of their meanings. The main part of the paper discusses the theoretical framework underpinning these two concepts. Human rights are literally the rights that one has simply because he or she is human. Donnely (1998, p. 3) posits to the effect that â€Å"human rights, because they rest on nothing more than being human being, are universal, equal and inalienable. This means that everyone is entitled to human rights and is empowered by them regardless of creed or belief. Theoretically, Joel Feinberg: â€Å"To have a right is to have a claim to something and against someone, the recognition of which is called for by legal rules or, in the case of moral rights, by the principles of an enlightened conscience,† (1980 p. 159-160). Human beings should be treated as equal and their rights should not be violated by others. As going to be discussed in detail below, there are various institutions that are mainly concerned with protecting the rights of people in different countries. ... Thus, in different countries, respective governments lay down binding regulations that form the law of the land as enshrined in the constitution (Muller et al, 2007). As such different cases are reported to different courts and these have the power to settle issues that may exist among different people in the society. The law also stipulates that all the accused persons have the right to fair trial and they are innocent until they are proven guilty by the court. In most cases, the law is specifically meant to regulate the behaviour of different people in their societies. From the above explanations, it can be seen that there is a close relationship between the concepts of rights and law. In as far as the concept of rights is concerned, John Locke’s Second Treatise Government 1776 posits to the effect that individuals have natural rights to their lives, liberties and estates (Donnelly, 1998). In the absence of government, these rights are of little value. Therefore, the governm ent has a responsibility to ensure that the rights of the people are protected. The existence of the government and people’s rights are complimentary as they are designed to serve the interests of the people. The government is an institution that has the power to enact laws that guide the behaviour of the people in their respective countries in order to ensure that there is peace and harmony among the people. In essence, the existence of the government is mainly concerned with protection of people’s rights so that they are not violated. It can be noted that there is a close link between the concepts of law and rights. According to Locke’s philosophy of inalienable rights among the people, the government is based on social contract between the rulers and the ruled (Tackach,

New venture development strategy Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11750 words

New venture development strategy - Dissertation Example ary The purpose of the research is to develop a new venture strategy for pastries and cakes to the local residents in Bulgaria as well as the retailers. The project begins with the analysis of the background to the study which describes the origin of the idea for the new venture. The sudden rise in demand for home made cakes and pastries made by members of the family led to the idea of opening a confectionaries factory in the country. Consequently an analysis is done on the bakery and confectionary products market and the supply industry in Bulgaria. This analysis indicates the presence of a niche segment market consisting of the high income groups’ customers in society along with large retailers that the company would like to target. Some the cities in Bulgaria such Bansko and Velingrad are targeted because of its high expected growth of tourism and forecasted large number of visitors to the place. It is expected that as the tourism sector expand in these areas the rate of vi sits of the high income groups in society would also rise. More number of retail outlets is also expected to be opened in a potential tourist spot. These retailers could also be tapped. Moreover, cities like Pazardjik and Plovdiv demonstrates the presence of a customer base which is less sensitive towards price and more sensitive towards product qualities. The project then analyses the target market for its products which includes market segments like hotels, restaurants, food shops and catering companies. The fact that 80% of the Bulgarians prefer local products more than imported products revealed by a research conducted by the Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce makes ground for making traditional Bulgarian hand-made cakes and pastries. It shows preference of customers for local products over... It is evident from the study that the sudden and dramatic rise in interest for home-made cakes and pastries made by members of the family and the eventual distribution and spread of reputation of this family for the production of such innovative confectionery products builds grounds for the idea of development of cakes factories in Bulgaria. Bansko and Velingrad are targeted because of its high expected growth of tourism and forecasted large number of visitors to the place. Moreover, Pazardjik and Plovdiv demonstrates the presence of a customer base which is less price sensitive and more sensitive towards product qualities. The fact that 80% of the Bulgarians prefer local products more than imported products revealed by a research conducted by the Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce makes ground for making traditional Bulgarian hand-made cakes and pastries. The industrial analysis reveals the existence of a number of large players in the Bulgarian industry like Kraft’s food, Nestle, Masterfoods Bulgaria EOOD and Ferrero Spa and various small companies like Sugar Factory Kristal AD, Prestige-96 OOD, Den I Nosht OOD and Sigma Bio OOD. The chocolate confectioneries market is significantly strong in this industry. However, despite the presence of a large number of large industrial players the present company's business model seems to be lucrative and profit earning. The company's strategy to thrive on innovation and prepare traditional and handmade cakes and pastries is always to be appreciated by customers due to their consistent desire for local products and high quality products.

Willa Seidon at Tides Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Willa Seidon at Tides Center - Essay Example while the recession is highlighted by increased competition, low market share and financial constraints and instability. Even in these circumstances the organization needs to survive through its strategies. Often different strategies are adopted for survival which requires organizational restructuring and change management. A visionary leader, with clarity in ideas about how to proceed and effective change implementation is required at this stage. Leadership: Leadership is a subjective concept. There is no particular definition of leadership; there are as many definitions of leadership as the number of people who tried researching on the vast subject. Leadership is a social process embedded in the minds of leaders of followers. Great leaders help us see the current situation and see a brighter future through the dark times. They see new opportunities and combine every one to work for a common goal, during which they make critical decisions to set a direction to proceed. Some research ers view leadership as power relation by which they can affect and introduce change in people. Some view it as transformational process by which the followers are able to achieve more than what is expected from them. While some scholars view it as skills perspective where they argue certain skills and knowledge are required to be effective leaders. (Northouse, Peter.G. 2009 ; Gallos, Joan.V. 2008; Koestenbaum, Peter. 2002) The arguments about leaders are born or made is a never ending debate. Many researchers say it could be both. A natural ability to lead is important and found in every leader. On the other hand various workshops and courses are conducted on effective leadership programs. Therefore leaders possess natural ability and skill to lead which can be further polished and converted into more effective leadership. (Lussier, Robert. N, Achua, Christopher. F. 2009; Avolio, Bruce J. 2005) Effective leaders motivate and inspire followers; they have the skills to take out the be st from people. Leadership is exercised on group of people and teams, usually with the aim to make them achieve one common goal rather individual goals. Successful leaders need to understand tasks, people and processes in the organization. They must attend the current situation work through them to identify future possibilities, provide a vision and strategies to fulfill that vision and related missions, create a learning organization where people’s development and growth is paramount of importance and direct their minds in strategizing and initiate collaboration among different sections, departments and processes in the organization. The function of management and the function of leadership are often confused together. Management provides order and consistency to the organization and works for order and stability while leadership initiates change and improvement and seeks adaptive and constructive changes. Leadership is all about establishing direction- setting vision, missi on, strategies and goals, aligning people- bring clarity in goals, seek commitment and built team work and last but not the least motivating and inspiring- by empowering and satisfying development needs. (Northouse, Peter.G. 2009 ; Gallos, Joan.V. 2008) Like many great leaders, Willa Seldon is one of the inspiring leaders who helped Tides Centre and guided them through the difficult times. With her vision and ability to manage effective change she led Tides Centre (TC). She was appointed as a Chief Executive Director in September 2003, when Tides applied for the ‘seed grant’ of $ 1 million was offered by Kellog Foundation. During that time TC and the entire fiscal sponsorship sector was struggling for financial

Legal Determinations for Change in Employment Status Essay

Legal Determinations for Change in Employment Status - Essay Example Changes in the employment status take place in the workplaces every day. The changes could be either progressive or regressive. The factors that lead to such changes include age, ability, economic conditions, discipline and duration of duty. These factors directly lead to changes that include, but are not limited to; promotions, pay increments and decrements, transfers and layoffs. These changes are guided by legal statutes and it is only wise that employees learn and keep the legal implications that come with the employment status changes. There have been numerous misinformed changes in employment status for many due to lack of information on entitlements provided by the law (C. C. H. Incorporated) As human resources officer, I am prone to these changes too. The three most probable are confirmation of employment, transfers and promotion. These status changes reflect loosely the chronology of employment for a diligent human resource officer. They are hierarchal, with improvements along the ranks during the time one works for a company or is in the professional field. Confirmation of employment is a change that is guaranteed at present as the transfers and promotions are bound to take course with time (Holland and Burnet, 63) The confirmation of employment is the first change in employment status for almost all the employees in the formal sector. Most companies have got a probation period provided for in their terms and conditions. The period is used to monitor the progress of new hires and also serve as a learning moment for them. During this period, guided by the terms and company policy, the employment is on contract basis and sometimes the employees receive half their salaries. The period spans between three to seven months depending on the company and its policies. After this period, an employee is confirmed and hired on permanent basis. This should be the first employment status change for anybody (Holland and Burnet, 63). The second

The Effect of Attack ads on political campaigns Research Paper

The Effect of Attack ads on political campaigns - Research Paper Example Attack ads focus on ‘the faults of the opponent’ (Frith & Mueller 2010, p.59). Advocacy ads refer to the capabilities of a candidate, without referring to the opponent (Frith & Mueller 2010, p.59). As for the contrast ads, these are a combination of the above, referring both to qualities of a candidate and ‘to the faults of his opponent’ (Frith & Mueller 2010, p.59). Two popular political ads are the following ones: a) the ad entitled as ‘Daisy Girl’ was used in the presidential elections of 1964 (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5). The above ad, which aimed on causing fear to voters in regard to the potential effects of their voting preferences, showed ‘a small girl plucking the petals off of a daisy’ (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5). The next scene showed a nuclear explosion (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5). Voters were asked to avoid voting the nominee of Republican Party who could possibly ‘lead the country to a nuclear war’ (R oberts & Hammond 2012, p.5); b) another popular attack ad is entitled as ‘the 3am phone call’ (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5) and was used by Hilary Clinton in the presidential elections of 2008. The particular ad, which can be characterized as a policy comparison ad, aimed to highlight the lack of experience of Barack Obama, compared to Hilary Clinton, in facing emergent issues. The ad entitled as ‘Daisy Girl’, as presented above, has faced strong criticism. Many political analysts did not accept the fact that one of the candidates of the presidential elections was portrayed as a strong supporter of piece, referring to Johnson, while the other was characterized, referring to Goldwater even if he was not named, as a supporter of war... Moreover, Frith & Mueller (2010) notes that political advertisements can be classified into three categories: ‘attack, advocacy and contrast’ (Frith & Mueller 2010, p.59). Attack ads focus on ‘the faults of the opponent’ (Frith & Mueller 2010, p.59). Advocacy ads refer to the capabilities of a candidate, without referring to the opponent (Frith & Mueller 2010, p.59). As for the contrast ads, these are a combination of the above, referring both to qualities of a candidate and ‘to the faults of his opponent’ (Frith & Mueller 2010, p.59). Two popular political ads are the following ones: a) the ad entitled as ‘Daisy Girl’ was used in the presidential elections of 1964 (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5). The above ad, which aimed on causing fear to voters in regard to the potential effects of their voting preferences, showed ‘a small girl plucking the petals off of a daisy’ (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5). The next scene showed a nuclear explosion (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5). Voters were asked to avoid voting the nominee of Republican Party who could possibly ‘lead the country to a nuclear war’ (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5); b) another popular attack ad is entitled as ‘the 3am phone call’ (Roberts & Hammond 2012, p.5) and was used by Hilary Clinton in the presidential elections of 2008. The particular ad, which can be characterized as a policy comparison ad, aimed to highlight the lack of experience of Barack Obama, compared to Hilary Clinton, in facing emergent issues.The ad entitled as ‘Daisy Girl’, as presented above, has faced strong criticism. Many political analysts did not accept the fact that one of the candidates of the presidential elections was portrayed as a strong supporter of piece, referring to Johnson, while the other was characterized, referring to Goldwater even if he was not named, as a supporter of war (Sparks 2012, p.223). Such perspective could n ot be accepted since the candidate who promoted this attack ad.

Design Management in the 21st century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design Management in the 21st century - Essay Example Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of design management in the 20th century. The New Roles of Design Managers in the 21st Century In contemporary organizations, design managers are catalysts of change and core decision makers in continually changing organizational features such as the impact of technology. Additionally, design managers help in forming a bridge between creative design and quantitative business success, and in increasingly leading the business process. These measures are vital to the corporate world of the 21st century. According to the MDMN (2010), a greater understanding of the changing contexts within which design management practice operates is essential for design managers, and this can be promoted through research and new academic frameworks that integrate design management practice and theory. Design Management and Corporate Strategy According to McDermott (2007: 84), â€Å"design management seeks to position design as an essential part of business strategy†. There is an increasing move to professionalize and integrate design into business and industry. Strategic design management involves focusing on its use as a source of competitive advantage and a catalyst for change in the organization’s structure, finance and human resources. Business or tactical design management manages design as a proficiency to give rise to distinctive product concepts as well as new market opportunities. Operational design management focuses on the â€Å"efficiency and effectiveness of the design process, the design team and individual design projects† (Lockwood & Walton 2008: 28). Shaping the Future of Design Management In order to ensure that design management in future increasingly forms the core of new business development, there is a move to replace the term with design strategy or design policy (McDermott 2007). Increasing connectivity, speed and productivity as a result of advancing technology m ake it necessary for a new type of design management to replace the old rules. The design management is implemented for creating value, â€Å"design itself is being redesigned† (Cramer 2004: 7). The four most significant factors for achieving success through design management are: improved business marketing, operations, professional services the firm employs, and the management of finances. Conclusion This paper has highlighted design management and its growing significance to the corporate world in the 21st century. Though design management is increasingly being prioritzed in the management agenda, one of its limitations would be that the theory may lead to generalization and a narrow view of design. This needs to be overcome by individualizing design management concepts to the particular organization. It is concluded that an organization or business that incorporates design management concepts gains strategic advantage over its more conventional counterparts. Bibliography Cramer, J.P. (2004). How firms succeed: A field guide to design management. Edition 2. London: Greenway Communications. DMI (Design Management Institute). (2010). Research strategy. Research, Design Management Institute. Retrieved on 5th January, 2010 from: http://www.dmi.org/dmi/html/research/priorities_s.htm Lockwood, T. &